Philoshophy Of Law: Human and his or her ability II

 Philoshophy Of Law: Human and his or her ability II

 In essence, the question of knowledge will begin with the question of what knowledge is and how to obtain that knowledge. Knowledge is basically seen as a mental state that is processed through interactions to be able to recognize and know about an object. In the process of the birth of this knowledge, knowledge can be obtained through the following media.

The senses are a medium for gaining knowledge. In this process the senses are more subjective. Subjective in the sense that it lies in the knowledge obtained through sensory responses to what it sees and feels. For example, if you get hit or stepped on by a car, you will definitely hurt. The knowledge process of this example is that the pain you feel is known after being stepped on, which was previously unknown.

This concrete picture shows the process of sense subjectivity to acquire knowledge. Of course, it is realized that the process of gaining knowledge through the senses lacks a structure and method because there are no clear indicators that can be used to test it. The senses get impressions from what is in the universe which are processed and collected in humans and then reflected in the form of knowledge. The assimilation process carried out by the senses must be supported by biological instruments in the human body which will then be transformed into an active form of consciousness.

Knowledge obtained through the senses involves the organs of the body which will translate sensory responses in the form of knowledge. Of course, this sense response would not be the same as the essence and existence of matter. In some literature, knowledge obtained through the senses can be distinguished from internal and external knowledge. This dichotomy is born as a form of sensory impulse affecting external organs or it is caused by mental attitudes or brain stimulation without additional influence on external organs.

Knowledge obtained through the external senses is related to the response of the organs in receiving existing impressions which is very limited. In this case, the implication is that the stimuli are transformed to the brain, giving rise to sensory determination and actualization which then produces a sense image.

Knowledge obtained through the internal senses basically plays a role in the process of creating perceptions. The five internal senses work to stimulate memory, imagination, and common sense so that they will function in perfecting the work of the external five senses that respond to objects around them in bits and pieces.

Therefore Knowledge obtained through the senses cannot be ruled out in the process of gaining knowledge. Because, knowledge obtained through the senses is an initial stage in the process of gaining knowledge in the process of seeking and meaning in both the universe and humans themselves.

The essence of knowledge obtained through science is empirical rational knowledge. So that the resulting hypothesis must also be based on ratios, in other words, the hypothesis must be rational. For example, to be healthy you need nutrition, eggs contain a lot of nutrients, therefore, it is logical that the more you eat eggs the healthier you will be. This hypothesis has not been verified. The truth is conjecture. But the hypothesis is sufficient from a rational point of view. In other words, the above hypothesis is rational. The word rational here indicates a relationship of influence or a causal relationship.

Next is the empirical problem. To test the above hypothesis, one must follow the procedure of the scientific method. To test this, the experimental method must be used by taking one or two village samples that were told to eat eggs regularly for a year as an experimental group, and taking one or two other villages that should not eat eggs, also during that year, as control group. At the end of the year, the health of the two groups was observed. As a result, the village group that ate eggs was healthier on average.

With these experiments, it can be made an initial conclusion that the more eggs eaten, the healthier, thus the eggs have a positive effect on health. After following the flow of proof of the hypothesis which is carried out repeatedly, the hypothesis can be turned into a theory. The theory that is meant that the more eggs eating the healthier or that eggs have a positive effect on health, is a rational - empirical theory. A theory like this is what is called a scientific theory (scientific-theory). Thus, it can be said that the rational-empirical line of thought as described above also applies in scientific theory.

If the framework of the flow of thought in the acquisition of knowledge through science with the scientific method, it can be formulated in the standard form of the scientific method, namely: rationale - hypothetico - verificative (prove that it is rational, withdraw hypotheses, submit empirical evidence). Basically, the way science works is the work of looking for causal relationships or looking for the influence of something on others. Another basic assumption is that nothing happens without cause. This assumption by Fred N. Kerlinger is formulated in the post hoc expression, ergo propter hoc. This assumption is true if the causes and effects have a rational relationship.

Knowledge that goes through the stages of science will basically lead to theory. The theory explains the causal relationship. Science does not give good or bad grades, lawful or haram, polite or impolite, beautiful or not beautiful; science only gives true or false values. This fact is what causes some people to think that science is neutral. In such a context it is yes, but in other contexts it is not necessarily so.

When science focuses on cause-effect relationships, then science must have objects (namely the objects that science examines). In Jujun's view, what is meant by science objects are all empirical objects.

In this case, the object of science study is only an object that is within the scope of human experience. Therefore, the object of science studies must be empirical objects because empirical evidence that must be found is empirical evidence. This empirical evidence is needed to test the rational evidence that has been formulated in the hypothesis

An interesting question to ask in relation to objects is whether the object that science can examine is free or not? This can be interpreted whether science is allowed to investigate any empirical origins? There are many objects that can be researched by science, such as nature, plants, animals, and humans, as well as events around nature, plants, animals and humans. From that research emerged scientific theories. The theories can be grouped or grouped in each branch of science.